3. Computer Memory (Storage)
Memory hierarchy (Smallest to Largest) рдЕрдХ्рд╕рд░ рдкूрдЫी рдЬाрддी рд╣ै:
1. Bit (Binary Digit): 0 or 1 (Smallest Unit).
2. Nibble: 4 Bits = 1 Nibble.
3. Byte: 8 Bits = 1 Byte (Standard unit).
4. KB (Kilobyte): 1024 Bytes.
5. MB (Megabyte): 1024 KB.
6. GB (Gigabyte): 1024 MB.
7. TB (Terabyte): 1024 GB.
8. PB (Petabyte): 1024 TB.
Types of Memory:
• Primary Memory (Main Memory):
• RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile (Temporary). Power off hone par data udd jata hai. (Read/Write memory).
• ROM (Read Only Memory): Non-Volatile (Permanent). Power off hone par bhi data save rehta hai. (Example: BIOS).
• Secondary Memory (Auxiliary): HDD, SSD, Pen drive, CD/DVD.
4. Software & Operating System
• Hardware: Physical parts jinko hum chhu (touch) sakte hain.
• Software: Set of instructions/programs.
• System Software: OS (Windows, Linux, Android, MacOS). Jo computer ko chalata hai.
• Application Software: MS Word, Excel, Photoshop. Jo user ke kaam aata hai.
Note: Linux ek Open Source Operating System hai (Free to use).
5. Microsoft Office (Very Important for KVS/NVS)
A. MS Word (Word Processing)
• Extension: .docx
• Zoom: Minimum 10%, Maximum 500%.
• Default View: Print Layout.
B. MS Excel (Spreadsheet)
• Extension: .xlsx
• Zoom: Minimum 10%, Maximum 400%.
• Rows & Columns: Intersection ko Cell kehte hain.
• First Cell: A1.
C. MS PowerPoint (Presentation)
• Extension: .pptx
• Slides: Pages of presentation.
• F5 Key: Start Slide Show from beginning.
• Shift + F5: Start Slide Show from current slide.
6. Important Keyboard Shortcuts (Short Notes)
• Ctrl + C: Copy
• Ctrl + V: Paste
• Ctrl + X: Cut
• Ctrl + Z: Undo (Peeche jana)
• Ctrl + Y: Redo (Wapas aage aana)
• Ctrl + A: Select All
• Ctrl + B: Bold
• Ctrl + U: Underline
• Ctrl + I: Italic
• Ctrl + P: Print
• Ctrl + S: Save
• Ctrl + K: Hyperlink (Link add karna)
• Alt + F4: Close current program/Shut down window.
• F1: Help.
• F2: Rename file/folder.
• F7: Spelling & Grammar check (MS Word me).
• F12: Save As.
7. Internet & Networking Terms
• LAN: Local Area Network (Building/Office ke andar).
• WAN: Wide Area Network (Poori duniya, e.g., Internet).
• WWW: World Wide Web (Invented by Tim Berners-Lee).
• URL: Uniform Resource Locator (Website address).
• HTTP: Hyper Text Transfer Protocol.
• HTML: Hyper Text Markup Language (Web pages banane ki language).
• IP Address: Internet Protocol Address (Har computer ka unique address).
• Browser: Software to surf internet (Chrome, Edge, Firefox).
• Search Engine: Google, Bing, Yahoo.
8. Cyber Security & Virus
• Virus: Vital Information Resources Under Siege. (System ko harm karta hai).
• Phishing: Fake emails/links bhej kar password churana.
• Firewall: A wall that protects computer from unauthorized access (Network security).
• Spam: Unwanted emails (Junk mail).
ЁЯТб Quick Tips for Exam:
1. Full forms yaad karke jayen (e.g., USB = Universal Serial Bus, GUI = Graphical User Interface).
2. Function Keys (F1 to F12) ka use zaroor padhein.
3. Shortcut keys confusing ho sakti hain, unhe practice karein.
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