EMRS ICT Knowledge: Vistarit Notes aur Adhyayan Samagri
💻 EMRS ICT (Soochna aur Sanchar Praudyogiki) Vistarit Adhyayan Notes
EMRS (Eklavya Model Residential Schools) ki parikshaon ke liye aavashyak Soochna aur Sanchar Praudyogiki (ICT) ke mukhya avdharanao (concepts) par adharit yeh vistarit aur uchch-gunvatta (high-quality) ke notes prastut hain.
1. Computer Ke Mool Sidhdhant (Fundamentals)
1.1 Paribhasha aur Kaarya Pranali
- Computer: Ek swachalit (automatic) electronic upkaran jo data ko input ke roop mein grahan karta hai, use process karta hai, aur nirdeshon ke anusaar saarthak (meaningful) output (jaankari) pradan karta hai.
- Von Neumann Architecture: Adhunik computer isi sidhdhant par aadharit hain, jahan data aur programs dono ko ek hi memory mein store kiya jaata hai. [attachment_0](attachment)
- Chakra (Cycle): Input → Processing → Output → Storage.
1.2 Computer ki Peedhiyan (Generations)
| Peedhi |
Samay Avdhi |
Mukhya Component |
| Pratham (1st) |
1940s-1950s |
Vacuum Tubes (Nirvaat Naliyan) |
| Dvitiya (2nd) |
1950s-1960s |
Transistors |
| Tritiya (3rd) |
1960s-1970s |
Integrated Circuits (ICs) |
| Chaturth (4th) |
1970s-Vartmaan |
Microprocessors (VLSI) |
| Pancham (5th) |
Vartmaan aur Aage |
Artificial Intelligence (AI), ULSI |
2. Computer Hardware: Bhautik Sanrachna
Hardware computer ke sabhi bhautik aur chhoone yogya (tangible) bhaag hote hain.
2.1 Central Processing Unit (CPU)
- Ise computer ka 'mastishk' kaha jaata hai. Yah sabhi ganana aur nirdeshon ka paalan karta hai.
- Mukhya Bhaag:
- ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit): Ganitiya aur tarkik kriyaen karta hai.
- CU (Control Unit): Sabhi sanchalanon (operations) ko niyantrit karta hai aur data ke prabhav (flow) ko sambhalta hai.
2.2 Input aur Output Upkaran
| Prakar |
Upyog |
Udaaharan |
| Input Devices |
Data aur nirdesh computer mein daalne ke liye. |
Keyboard, Mouse (Pointing Device), Scanner, Microphone, OMR, Barcode Reader. |
| Output Devices |
Process kiye gaye data ko upyogakarta (user) tak pahunchane ke liye. |
Monitor (VDU), Printer (Laser, Inkjet), Speaker, Plotter. |
2.3 Memory (Smriti)
- Primary Memory (Mukhya Smriti):
- RAM (Random Access Memory): Volatile (A-sthir). Kaam karte samay temporary data store karta hai. Bijli jaate hi data khatm.
- ROM (Read-Only Memory): Non-Volatile (Sthir). Startup programs (BIOS/UEFI) jaisi sthayi jaankari store karta hai.
- Secondary Memory (Sahayak Smriti): Sthayi roop se bade matra mein data store karne ke liye (e.g., HDD, SSD, Pen Drive, CD/DVD).
3. Computer Software
Software nirdeshon ka ek samuh hai jo hardware ko batata hai ki kya karna hai.
3.1 System Software
- Yah hardware ko sanchalit (operate) karta hai aur application programs ke liye ek platform pradan karta hai.
- Operating System (OS): Sarvapramukh system software. Sansadhan prabandhan (resource management), memory management, aur device control karta hai (e.g., Windows, Linux, macOS). [attachment_1](attachment)
- Utility Programs: System ki kaaryakshamta (efficiency) ko behtar banane ke liye (e.g., Antivirus, Disk Defragmenter).
3.2 Application Software
Vishesh kaaryon ko poora karne ke liye design kiya gaya (e.g., MS Word, Excel, Tally, Web Browser).
4. Networking, Internet aur Suraksha
4.1 Computer Networks
- LAN (Local Area Network): Chhote bhaugolik kshetra mein (karyalaya, ghar).
- WAN (Wide Area Network): Bade kshetra mein faila hua (shaher se deshon tak). Internet sabse bada WAN hai.
- MAN (Metropolitan Area Network): Ek poore shahar ko cover karta hai.
- Protocol: Data sanchar (communication) ke niyam (e.g., TCP/IP, HTTP, FTP).
4.2 Internet aur WWW
- Internet: Networks ka ek vishva-vyapi jaal.
- WWW (World Wide Web): Internet par uplabdh sabhi documents aur resources ka sangrah.
- URL (Uniform Resource Locator): Internet par kisi bhi resource ka pata.
- Web Browser: Web pages ko dekhne ke liye software (Chrome, Firefox).
- Search Engine: Web par jaankari khojne ka upkaran (Google, Bing).
4.3 Cyber Security (Cyber Suraksha)
- Malware: Koi bhi durbhavnapurna software (e.g., Virus, Worm, Trojan Horse).
- Phishing: Dhokhadhadi se vyaktigat ya vittiya jaankari churaana.
- Firewall: Ek suraksha pranali jo anadhikrit network access ko rokta hai.
- Encryption (Guptikaran): Data ko aise code mein badalna jise keval authorized vyakti hi padh sakein.
5. MS Office aur Shiksha mein ICT ka Upyog
5.1 Microsoft Office ke Mukhya Upkaran
| Software |
Mukhya Kaarya |
Mahatvapurna Shabd |
| MS Word |
Text documents banana (patra, report). |
Document, Margins, Header/Footer, Mail Merge. |
| MS Excel |
Ganana aur data vishleshan ke liye spreadsheets. |
Cell, Formula, Function (SUM, AVERAGE), Pivot Table. |
| MS PowerPoint |
Presentation aur slide show banana. |
Slide, Transition, Animation. |
5.2 Shiksha (Education) mein ICT
- E-Learning: Electronic madhyamon se shiksha (Online Courses, MOOCs).
- Digital Pahal: SWAYAM, Diksha Portal, E-Pathshala.
- Upyog: Teaching-learning process mein sudhar, prashasanik kaaryon mein madad, shodh (research) mein sahayta.
📚 Sampurnata ke liye Nirdesh: In notes mein sammilit sabhi avdharanaen (concepts) EMRS ICT syllabus ke anusaar taiyar kiye gaye hain. Sahi taiyari ke liye inke gehrayi mein adhyayan karein.
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